Individuals and Societies

Geography Skills

Indigenous

Explorers and Colonization

Civics

Anti Colonialism

Time, Place and Space

Time, place and space The intrinsically linked concepts of time, space and place refer to the absolute or relative position of people, objects and ideas. “Time, place and space” focuses on how we construct and use our understanding of location (“where” and “when”).

For  individuals  and  societies,  time  is  not  simply  the  measurement  of  years  or  time  periods  but  is  a continuum of significant events of the past, present and future. Place and space are complex concepts, the definitions of which are fluid.  Place is socially constructed and can be explored in terms of constraints and opportunities afforded by location. Places have value and meaning defined by humans. 

Space relates to where and why places and landscapes are located.  The concept also  includes  the social, economic, and political processes that interact through or across space, resulting in patterns and networks arising,  such  as  migration  or  trade  flows.  Challenges related to “place and space” can be understood on multiple scales (including local, regional, national and global).
 

Change

Change is a conversion, transformation, or movement from one form, state or value to another. Inquiry into  the  concept  of  change  involves understanding  and  evaluating  causes,  processes  and consequences. 

For individuals and societies, the concept of change allows examination of the forces that shape the world:  past, present and future.  The  causes  and  effects  of  change  can  be  natural  and  artificial; intentional  and  unintentional;  positive,  negative  or  neutral.  The subject group explores the role of individuals and societies in shaping change.

Global Interactions

Global interactions focus on the connections between individuals and communities, as well as their relationships with built and natural environments, from the perspective of the world as a whole.

For individuals and societies, global interactions focuses on the interdependence of the larger human community, including the many ways that people come into conflict with and cooperate with each other, and live together in a highly interconnected world to share finite resources.

Global Interactions

Global interactions focus on the connections between individuals and communities, as well as their relationships with built and natural environments, from the perspective of the world as a whole.

For individuals and societies, global interactions focuses on the interdependence of the larger human community, including the many ways that people come into conflict with and cooperate with each other, and live together in a highly interconnected world to share finite resources.

Change

Change is a conversion, transformation, or movement from one form, state or value to another. Inquiry into  the  concept  of  change  involves understanding  and  evaluating  causes,  processes  and consequences. 

For individuals and societies, the concept of change allows examination of the forces that shape the world:  past, present and future.  The  causes  and  effects  of  change  can  be  natural  and  artificial; intentional  and  unintentional;  positive,  negative  or  neutral.  The subject group explores the role of individuals and societies in shaping change.

Systems

Systems are sets of interacting or interdependent components. Systems provide structure and order in human, natural and built environments. Systems can be static or dynamic, simple or complex.

For individuals and societies, systems thinking provide a powerful tool for understanding both natural and human environments, and the role of individuals within them.  Social and natural systems rely on a state of equilibrium and are vulnerable to change from internal and external forces.

Scale

Scale represents the proportional relationship between a certain distance on a map and a certain distance on the Earth’s surface. Scale as a related concept looks at the local, regional, national and international/global framework that the subject specific content is applicable to. Use of this related concept emphasizes that challenges, problems and ideas can be analyzed at one of these scales and/or the interrelation among them. There should be recognition that they do not only happen in situ but also have an effect on each other.

Causality

Causality is the relationship between cause and effect and the internal and external factors that influence this relationship. Geographers understand that behind every geographical phenomenon—be it physical or human—there is an outlying “cause” which leads to an “effect”; the consequence(s) of which can either be known or unknown. Causes can be direct or intervening, and they can be internal and external. Geographers study causality not only as fixed and end points of geographical phenomena, but also in the events and actions that occur in between these points. An example of which is the causality of plate tectonics; geographers analyse the cause and effects of plate tectonics, but also plate tectonic sub-themes such as disaster management and P and S waves. Causality in geography is inherently linked with the key concept of “change” and can exist across a wide spectrum of times, places and spaces, another of the individuals and societies key concepts.

Perspective

Perspective is a concept of a different nature as it is more clearly related to the craft of the discipline. Perspective is the way someone looks at something taking into consideration all of the things that have happened with that thing in the past and the relationship between the viewer and the thing in the past being viewed. For historians, perspective implies a need for understanding different sides of an event.

Civilization

Civilization is a concept used to describe forms of social organization that are usually large, complex and have achieved a certain level of urbanization and cultural development. To become a civilization, a society usually undergoes a series of change processes, which lead to social development and organization in the society.  Even though the concept of civilization was originally associated with a greater degree of advancement or development of a social organization, this relationship has been questioned by some historians for containing an overt value judgment

Causality

Causality is the relationship between cause and effect and the internal and external factors that influence this relationship. Geographers understand that behind every geographical phenomenon—be it physical or human—there is an outlying “cause” which leads to an “effect”; the consequence(s) of which can either be known or unknown. Causes can be direct or intervening, and they can be internal and external. Geographers study causality not only as fixed and end points of geographical phenomena, but also in the events and actions that occur in between these points. An example of which is the causality of plate tectonics; geographers analyse the cause and effects of plate tectonics, but also plate tectonic sub-themes such as disaster management and P and S waves. Causality in geography is inherently linked with the key concept of “change” and can exist across a wide spectrum of times, places and spaces, another of the individuals and societies key concepts. 

Interdependence

Interdependence is the state of two or more individuals, groups or societies being reliant on each other. This mutual dependence is often derived from a need

for individuals, groups or societies to grow, develop, change and/or advance.

Interdependence can lead to a variety of results, both positive and negative. These results can be the same or different for the parties involved in the interdependent relationship. As well, these results can change depending on the time period and location in which the individuals, groups and/or societies exist. Relations of interdependence are not necessarily horizontal. Historiography can also study processes of dependency, domination and power between peoples or nations.
 

Government

A group of people that rule/administer a nation, community or unit.  It sets and administers public policy and exercises executive, political, and sovereign power through customs, institutions, and laws within a state or units in question.  A government can be classified into many types—democracy, republic, monarchy, aristocracy, and dictatorship are just a few.  It can also refer to the practice of governing.

Citizenship

Citizenship is the act of being a member of a given geographic level with the rights and duties that are defined by the governance of those geographies. A citizen of a state may have different rights and duties depending on where citizenship resides, and at what level these rights and duties are being recognized or analyzed. Recently, the notion of “global citizenship” has been employed and questioned by several theorists.

Conflict

Conflict can develop from inequalities in distribution of power and may manifest itself in many forms: protracted disagreements or arguments; prolonged armed struggles; clashes of opposing feelings or needs; serious incompatibilities between two or more opinions, principles, or interests. Historians study conflict between individuals and societies over time and across place and space, and they also examine how conflicts can be sources of continuity and catalysts for change.

Choice

Choice involves making a decision between at least two alternatives, knowing that in selecting one item, we will have to go without the other (e.g. if we buy a camera, we cannot also buy a phone with the same money). Because of scarcity (unlimited needs and wants being met by limited resources) we must make choices about which needs and wants to meet with the resources we have. We break economic choice down into three more specific questions:

What products should we make and how much of each product should we produce?

How should we make our products (that is how should we combine our resources to produce goods)?  

Who should get the products we make (that is based on which criteria, for example wealth or fairness, should products be distributed)?

Power

Power of individuals and of groups can be defined as a capacity to make things happen.

In economics, power is the ability to make choices about what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets the goods that are produced.  Power can be more centralized, as in a command economy where economic choices are made by the government, or monopoly/oligopoly situations where economic choices are made by a few large firms.  Power can also be decentralized, as in a free market economy where many firms and consumers share power.

Orientation in time and space

What is the meaning of “when” and “where”?

Students will explore personal histories; homes and journeys; turning points in humankind; discoveries; explorations and migrations of human- kind; the relationships between, and the interconnectedness of, individuals and civilizations, from personal, local and global perspectives.

• Natural and human landscape and resources
• Scale, duration, frequency and variability

Orientation in time and space

What is the meaning of “when” and “where”?

Students will explore personal histories; homes and journeys; turning points in humankind; discoveries; explorations and migrations of human- kind; the relationships between, and the interconnectedness of individuals and civilizations, from personal, local and global perspectives.

• Civilizations and social histories, heritage, pilgrimage, migration, displacement and exchange

Orientation in time and space

What is the meaning of “when” and “where”?

Students will explore personal histories; homes and journeys; turning points in humankind; discoveries; explorations and migrations of human- kind; the relationships between, and the interconnectedness of individuals and civilizations, from personal, local and global perspectives.

• Civilizations and social histories, migration, displacement and exchange, turning points and “big history,” peoples, boundaries, indigenous understanding.

Fairness and development

What are the consequences of our common humanity?

Students will explore rights and responsibilities; the relationship between communities; sharing finite resources with other people and with other living things; access to equal opportunities; peace and conflict resolution.

• Democracy, politics, government and civil society

Fairness and development

What are the consequences of our common humanity?

Students will explore rights and responsibilities; the relationship between communities; sharing finite resources with other people and with other living things; access to equal opportunities; peace and conflict resolution.

• Justice, power and privilege, peace and conflict, authority, inequality

Globalization and sustainability

How is everything connected?

Students will explore the interconnectedness of human-made systems and communities; the relationship between local and global processes; how local experiences mediate the global; reflect on the opportunities and tensions provided by world- interconnectedness; the impact of decision-making on humankind and the environment.

• Markets, commodities and commercialization

Patterns and trends affect the orientation of places and space over time.

The achievements over time creates civilizations that demonstrates a turning point in humankind's achievement.

Relationships of individuals and civilizations and their interactions creates interdependence and casualties.

Interactions among citizens and their governments influence justice, politics and civic responsibilities.

Fairness and development drive change that is led by civilizations creating their own systems of governance.
 

Economic choices have effects on the global interactions between people and countries, and the consumption of goods and services.

Criterion:
A. Knowing and Understanding
(i)- use vocabulary in context

B. Investigating        (iii)- collect and record relevant information.

Criterion:
A. Knowing and Understanding
(i)- use vocabulary in context

B. Investigating (iii)- use research methods to collect and record appropriate, varied and relevant information.

Criterion:
A. Knowing and Understanding 
i. - use vocabulary in context

ii. demonstrate knowledge and understanding of subject-specific content and concepts, using descriptions, explanations and examples.

C: Communicating
i. communicate information and ideas with clarity 

ii. organize information

Criterion:
A: Knowing and Understanding

ii. demonstrate knowledge and understanding of subject-specific content and concepts, using descriptions, explanations and examples.

C:Communicating

i. communicate information and ideas with clarity 

ii. organize information and ideas effectively for the task

Criterion:
A: Knowing and Understanding

ii. demonstrate knowledge and understanding of subject-specific content and concepts, using descriptions, explanations and examples.

D: Thinking Critically:

ii. use information to justify an opinion

iv. identify different views and their implications.
 

Criterion:
A. Knowing and Understanding

(ii)-demonstrate knowledge and understanding 

C. Communicating
 

(ii & iii)-ii. organize information and ideas. iii-list sources of information

D. Thinking Critically

(iii)- identify and analyze a range of sources/data

Communication

• Read a variety of sources for information
• Make inferences and draw conclusions

Social: 

• Give and receive meaningful feedback
• Delegate and share responsibility for decision-making

Thinking:

• Practice observing carefully in order to recognize problems
• Gather and organize relevant information to formulate an argument

Thinking

• Evaluate evidence and arguments
• Gather and organize relevant information to formulate an argument

Communication

• Read critically and for comprehension
• Take effective notes in class 

Research

• Demonstrate awareness of media interpretations of events and ideas
• Understand the impact of media representations and modes of presentation

Thinking 

• Consider ideas from multiple perspectives
• Identify obstacles and challenges 

Social 

• Practice empathy
• Listen actively to other perspectives and ideas 

Communication

• Negotiate ideas and knowledge with peers and teachers
• Make inferences and draw conclusions

Thinking

• Recognize unstated assumptions and bias

• Draw reasonable conclusions and generalizations

Research

• Assess information to be informed and inform others

• Make connections between various sources of information

Thinking 

• Gather and organize relevant information to formulate an argument

• Consider ideas from multiple perspectives

Communication

• Read critically and for comprehension

Self-Management

• Keep an organized and logical system of information through a budget table

• Latitude and Longitude
• Reading a map 
• Element of a Map (DOGSTAIL)
• Types of Maps
• Landforms
•  Primary/Secondary Sources

• Role of Christopher Columbus
• North American Cultural Regions
• Mesoamerica (Maya, Aztec, Inca) Civilizations
• Culture

• European Exploration of Western Hemisphere
• Columbian Exchange
• European and Indigenous perspectives on colonization
• Mercantilism
• The “Great Dying” of Indigenous People
• Early American Colonies - Jamestown

• Types of government

• 3 Branches

• Bill of Rights

• Rights and responsibilities of citizens

• Political Cartoons

Colonies and Colonists

• Cuban Revolution

• Mexican Revolution

• Haitian Revolution

Thinking

• Evaluate and manage risk

• Budgeting

• Debt/Credit

• Needs vs. Wants

• Financial Literacy

• Risk and Rewards

Team Building and Tools of a Social Scientist

Building Blocks and Civilization

Early Cultural Conflict

Medieval Times
(Europe and the Middle East)

Eastern Hemisphere: Government and Human Rights
 

Time, Place and Space

Time, place and space The intrinsically linked concepts of time, space and place refer to the absolute or relative position of people, objects and ideas. “Time, place and space” focuses on how we construct and use our understanding of location (“where” and “when”).

For  individuals  and  societies,  time  is  not  simply  the  measurement  of  years  or  time  periods  but  is  a continuum of significant events of the past, present and future. Place and space are complex concepts, the definitions of which are fluid.  Place is socially constructed and can be explored in terms of constraints and opportunities afforded by location. Places have value and meaning defined by humans. 

Space relates to where and why places and landscapes are located.  The is concept also  includes  the social, economic, and political processes that interact through or across space, resulting in patterns and networks arising,  such  as  migration  or  trade  flows.  Challenges related to “place and space” can be understood on multiple scales (including local, regional, national and global)

Systems

Systems are sets of interacting or interdependent components. Systems provide structure and order in

human, natural and built environments. Systems can be static or dynamic, simple or complex.

For individuals and societies, systems thinking provides a powerful tool for understanding both natural and human environments, and the role of individuals within them. Social and natural systems rely on a state of equilibrium and are vulnerable to change from internal and external forces.

Change

Change is a conversion, transformation, or
movement from one form, state or value to another. Inquiry into the concept of change involves understanding and
evaluating causes,
processes and
consequences.

Global interactions

focuses on the connections among individuals and communities, as well as their relationships with built and natural environments, from the perspective of the world as a whole. 

Geography: Culture

Culture helps shape, define and guide civilizations and individuals and it influences the relationship between them and the environment. Cultures are constituted by learned behaviors and values shared by groups and transmitted through socialization. Geographers study cultural traits of places in terms of language, customs, beliefs, dress, images, music, food and technology. Units that explore the related concept of culture could include issues of cultural diffusion, cultural contestation, and the process of consumerism.

Systems

Systems are sets of interacting or interdependent components. Systems provide structure and order in human, natural and built environments. Systems can be static or dynamic, simple or complex.

For individuals and societies, systems thinking provides a powerful tool for understanding both natural and human environments, and the role of individuals within them. Social and natural systems rely on a state of equilibrium and are vulnerable to change from internal and external forces.

History: Governance

Governance refers to mechanisms and processes that regulate authority in a given organization. It can apply to state and non-state institutions. Throughout time, 

people have organized governments in order to meet the needs of communities and individuals. Groups have created institutions and processes that have many forms and functions. Monarchies, republics, tribes, parliaments, presidents, dictators: these and other patterns of rule express a range of human values and reflect varied understandings of history and culture. At the heart of governance are questions about the distribution of resources, the making of laws, and the balance of power between individuals and the communities in which they live.  Democratic governments are accountable to the people who choose them.

Geography: Culture

Culture helps shape, define and guide civilizations and individuals and it influences the relationship between them and the environment. Cultures are constituted by learned behaviors and values shared by groups and transmitted through socialization. Geographers study cultural traits of places in terms of language, customs, beliefs, dress, images, music, food and technology. Units that explore the related concept of culture could include issues of cultural diffusion, cultural contestation, and the process of consumerism.
 

Innovation & revolution 

Innovation incorporates the understanding of processes that drive change and invention.

In history, this concept looks at the process of generating new ideas, events, movements, products or solutions through the alteration, transformation, reorganization, restructuring, rearrangement, or renovation of existing ideas, events, movements, products or solutions. Innovation involves individuals and societies because they use their capacity to create, contrive and initiate a capacity that can lead to both positive and negative consequences in the short term and the long term.

Governance refers to mechanisms and processes that regulate authority in a given organization. It can apply to state and non-state institutions. Throughout time, people have organized governments in order to meet the needs of communities and individuals. Groups have created institutions and processes that have many forms and functions. Monarchies, republics, tribes, parliaments, presidents, dictators: these and other patterns of rule express a range of human values and reflect varied understandings of history and culture. At the heart of governance are questions about the distribution of resources, the making of laws, and the balance of power between individuals and the communities in which they live.  Democratic governments are accountable to the people who choose them.

History:  Causality (cause/consequence)

Causality is the relationship between cause and effect and the internal and external factors that influence this relationship. In history, a cause is something that gives rise to an action, event, phenomenon, or condition. A consequence is a result or an effect of an action, phenomenon or condition. Causes and consequences are often examined together in relation to a specific event, phenomenon or time period, particularly over the “short term” and “long term”. The problem of “multiple causality” has also been central to historiography.

History: Conflict

 Conflict can develop from inequalities in distribution of power and may manifest itself in many forms: protracted disagreements or arguments; prolonged armed struggles; clashes of opposing feelings or needs; serious incompatibilities between two or more opinions, principles, or interests. Historians study conflict between individuals and societies over time and across place and space, and they also examine how conflicts can be sources of continuity and catalysts for change.

Economics:  Equity

Equity involves concerns about fairness and justice. A major issue of equity is that of distribution of an economy’s products. Those who have more income and wealth are able to consume more products, and if differences in consumption are large enough, extremes of inequity or unfairness may result. What constitutes a fair or equitable distribution of consumption is a question for debate.

Geography: Power

Power of individuals and of groups can be defined as a capacity to make things happen. Within geography, the balance of power can be considered in terms of physical processes, such as the power of erosion versus deposition. The balance of power is also significant in terms of human development and interaction—the relative power of government, transnational corporations, multilevel government organizations, civil society organizations and the rights of individual communities and citizens. MYP geography courses should seek to understand not only how people and environments are interlinked with and within themselves but also how power underpins those relationships.

The concept of power raises the issue of equity and the rights of different groups, including gender groups, and the rights of indigenous peoples in the competition over resources. Competition in geography is the struggle among conflicting interests. Competition over resources (land, food, timber, water, oil and other energy sources) is central to the study of modern-day geography and it raises the question of the rights to resources and power over them.

Ideology: An ideology is a system of ideas and ideals, which can form the basis of political or economic theories, policies and actions.  Ideologies usually encompass systematic arrangements of premises and assertions that are used to interpret the world and make normative assertions about how it should be organized.  Ideologies can evolve and change over time in order to meet the needs of a group of people or a society.  Ideologies can be derived from the place and space in which a group of people or a society is located.  Ideologies can evolve into political, economic of social systems and these systems can impact humans in a variety of ways.  For example, through the definition of certain rights and responsibilities.

Orientation in Space and Time

What is the meaning of “where” and “when”?

Students will explore personal histories; homes and journeys; turning points in humankind; discoveries; explorations and migrations of humankind; the relationships between, and the interconnectedness of, individuals and civilizations, from personal, local and global perspectives.

Possible explorations to develop:

• natural and human landscapes and resources
• social histories

Orientation in Space and Time

What is the meaning of “where” and “when”?

Students will explore personal histories; homes and journeys; turning points in humankind; discoveries; explorations and migrations of humankind; the relationships between, and the interconnectedness of, individuals and civilizations, from personal, local and global perspectives.

Possible explorations to develop

• Civilizations and social histories, heritage, pilgrimage, migration, displacement and exchange

• Epochs, eras, turning points and“big history”

• Scale, duration, frequency and variability

• Peoples, boundaries, exchange and interaction

• Natural and human landscapes and resources

• Evolution, constraints and adaptation

Fairness and development

What are the consequences of our common humanity?

Students will explore rights and responsibilities; the relationship between communities; sharing finite resources with other people and with other living things; access to equal opportunities; peace and conflict resolution.

Possible explorations to develop:

• democracy, politics, government and civil society

• inequality, difference and inclusion

• human capability and development ; social entrepreneurs

• rights, law, civic responsibility and the public sphere

• justice, peace and conflict management

• power and privilege

• authority , security and freedom

• imagining a hopeful future

Personal and cultural Expression

What is the nature and purpose of creative expression?

Students will explore the ways in which we discover and express ideas, feelings, nature, culture, beliefs and values; the ways in which we reflect on, extend and enjoy our creativity; our appreciation of the aesthetic.

Possible explorations to develop:

• Histories of ideas

• Belief systems

• Philosophies and ways of life

Fairness and Development 

What are the consequences of our common humanity?

Students will explore rights and responsibilities; the relationship between communities; sharing finite resources with other people and with other living things; access to equal opportunities; peace and conflict resolution.

• Rights

• Law

• Authority

• Civic responsibility

Products, systems, and institutions develop across time, place, and space based on cultural  and geographic settings.

Learning about the choices people made during the rise of the Nazi Party and the Holocaust teach us about the power and impact of our choices today?
 

Objective A:  use a range of terminology in context

• demonstrate knowledge and understanding of subject specific content and concepts through description, explanations, and examples.

Objective C:

• communicate information and ideas in a way that is appropriate for the audience and purpose

Objective D:

• analyze concepts, issues, models, visual representations and or theories.
• communicates information and ideas in a style that is appropriate to the audience and purpose

Criterion A:  use a range of terminology in context

• demonstrate knowledge and understanding of subject specific content and concepts through description, explanations, and examples.

Criterion C:

• communicate information and ideas in a way that is appropriate for the audience and purpose

Criterion D:

• analyze concepts, issues, models, visual representations and or theories.
• communicates information and ideas in a style that is appropriate to the audience and purpose

Criterion A:  

• use a range of terminology in context
• demonstrate knowledge and understanding of subject specific content and concepts through description, explanations, and examples.

Criterion C:

• communicate information and ideas in a way that is appropriate for the audience and purpose

Criterion D:

• structures information according to task instructions
• communicates information and ideas in a style that is appropriate to the audience and purpose

Objective

D Thinking Critically:

• Discuss concepts, issues, models, visual representation and theories
• synthesize information to make valid arguments
• analyse and evaluate a range of sources/data in terms of origin and purpose, examining value and limitations
• interpret different perspectives and their implications

Objective

D Thinking Critically:

• Discuss concepts, issues, models, visual representation and theories

• synthesize information to make valid arguments

• analyse and evaluate a range of sources/data in terms of origin and purpose, examining value and limitations

• interpret different perspectives and their implications

Communication

Thinking

Communication

Thinking

• Team building and community
• Primary vs. Secondary sources
• Thinking like a Historian
• Determining Claims and reliability of sources
• Solving human problems with maps

Early Civilizations: Topics include: Mesopotamia, Ancient China, Ancient Egypt

Skills Include: Researching, Paragraph planning and writing, Comparing and Contrasting, Critical Thinking, Primary and Secondary Sources

Topics Include:
Ancient Greece
Roman Empire

Skills Include:
Comparing and Contrasting, Essay planning and writing, Problem Solving, Critical Thinking

Topics: Foundations of Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. Medieval Times, Renaissance, and Enlightenment

Skills: research, critical thinking, essay planning and writing, primary and secondary source analysis, cause and effect
 

Topics: Types of government, Human rights, WWII, Holocaust

Skills: primary and secondary source analysis, research, critical thinking, cause and effect

Geography/American Colonies

Road to the Revolution

Creating Our Nation

Westward Expansion

Civil War/Reconstruction

Global interactions focuses on the connections between individuals and communities, as well as their relationships with built and natural environments, from the perspective of the world as a whole.

Change  is a conversion, transformation, or movement from one form, state or value to another. Inquiry into the concept of change involves understanding and evaluating causes, processes and consequences. For individuals and societies, the concept of change allows examination of the forces that shape the world: past, present and future. The causes and effects of change can be natural and artificial; intentional and unintentional; positive, negative or neutral. The subject group explores the role of individuals and societies in shaping change.
 

Systems 

Systems are sets of interacting or interdependent components. Systems provide structure and order in human, natural and built environments. Systems can be static or dynamic, simple or complex.

Time, Place, and Space 

The intrinsically linked concepts of time, space and place refer to the absolute or relative position of people, objects and ideas. “Time, place and space” focuses on how we construct and use our understanding of location (“where” and “when”).

Change is a conversion, transformation, or movement from one form, state or value to another. Inquiry into the concept of change involves understanding and evaluating causes, processes and consequences. For individuals and societies, the concept of change allows examination of the forces that shape the world: past, present and future. The causes and effects of change can be natural and artificial; intentional and unintentional; positive, negative or neutral. The subject group explores the role of individuals and societies in shaping change.

Culture, Identity Culture encompasses a range of unique experiences, behaviors, customs and ways of knowing within human communities throughout history. Culture is usually transmitted from generation to generation and it affects the way people perceive their world and the way they behave. Culture can be dynamic or static and is often examined by historians in relation to the time, place and space of historical events, processes or developments. Historians often examine changes in culture in order to make comparisons between the past and the present. Culture is a system.

Identity
Identity is the combination of the values, beliefs and experiences that define, shape and inform who we are, our perspectives and how we behave as individuals, communities, societies and cultures. Identity shapes historical processes and interpretations. Identity is shaped by external and internal influences and it is relational (the notion of “we” as opposed to “them”). This concept refers to how both individual and group perceptions of the self, form, evolve and are expressed. From a historical perspective, identity can be examined as a cause or consequence of an event, idea or process. Additionally, the notion of citizenship appears as a politically and historically relevant form of identification on the part of peoples.

Conflict can develop from inequalities in distribution of power and may manifest itself in many forms: protracted disagreements or arguments; prolonged armed struggles; clashes of opposing feelings or needs; serious incompatibilities between two or more opinions, principles, or interests. Historians study conflict between individuals and societies over time and across place and space, and they also examine how conflicts can be sources of continuity and catalysts for change.

Governance, Ideology Governance

Governance refers to mechanisms and processes that regulate authority in a given organization. It can apply to state and non-state institutions. Throughout time, people have organized governments in order to meet the needs of communities and individuals. Groups have created institutions and processes that have many forms and functions. Monarchies, republics, tribes, parliaments, presidents, dictators: these and other patterns of rule express a range of human values and reflect varied understandings of history and culture. At the heart of governance are questions about the distribution of resources, the making of laws, and the balance of power between individuals and the communities in which they live. Democratic governments are accountable to the people who choose them.

Ideology

An ideology is a system of ideas and ideals, which can form the basis of political or economic theories, policies and actions. Ideologies usually encompass systematic arrangements of premises and assertions that are used to interpret the world and make normative assertions about how it should be organized. Ideologies can evolve and change over time in order to meet the needs of a group of people or a society.

Ideologies can be derived from the place and space in which a group of people or a society is located. Ideologies can evolve into political, economic or social systems and these systems can impact humans in a variety of way. For example, through the definition of certain rights and responsibilities.
 

Conflict can develop from inequalities in distribution of power and may manifest itself in many forms: protracted disagreements or arguments; prolonged armed struggles; clashes of opposing feelings or needs; serious incompatibilities between two or more opinions, principles, or interests. Historians study conflict between individuals and societies over time and across place and space, and they also examine how conflicts can be sources of continuity and catalysts for change.

Causality-Causality is the relationship between cause and effect and the internal and external factors that influence this relationship.

Change, conflict Conflict can develop from inequalities in distribution of power and may manifest itself in many forms: protracted disagreements or arguments; prolonged armed struggles; clashes of opposing feelings or needs; serious incompatibilities between two or more opinions, principles, or interests. Historians study conflict between individuals and societies over time and across place and space, and they also examine how conflicts can be sources of continuity and catalysts for change.

Causality

Causality is the relationship between cause and effect and the internal and external factors that influence this relationship. In history, a cause is something that gives rise to an action, event, phenomenon, or condition. A consequence is a result or an effect of an action, phenomenon or condition. Causes and consequences are often examined together in relation to a specific event, phenomenon or time period, particularly over the “short term” and “long term”. The problem of “multiple causality” has also been central to historiography.

Orientation in Time and Place  

-development of societies

Fairness and development

-Rights and Responsibilities

Fairness and Development

-Rights

Orientation in Space and Time

-migration, peoples, boundaries and exchange???

Fairness and Development

-Conflict

Global interactions create unique cultures and identities through the establishment and development of societies.

The impact of rights and responsibilities can cause conflict and change.

Democratic governance is dependant on systems and put in place to safeguard the rights of citizens

Conflict and cooperation  have a cause and  effect  on migration, peoples, boundaries, and exchange of ideas that impact time, place and space.
 

The inequalities of a nation can cause conflict and lead to changes in societies.

Criterion A: Knowing and Understanding, 

C:Communication

Criterion A: Knowing and Understanding Criterion D: Thinking Critically

Criterion A: Knowing and Understanding / Criterion: D Thinking Critically
 

Criterion B: Investigating Criterion D: Critically thinking

Criteria C: Communication Criterion D: Thinking Critically

Thinking, Communication, Research
 

Research, Thinking

Thinking, Communication

Thinking, Research

Research/
Communication

-Exploration of the Americas

-Colonizing North America

-Emerging Regional Identities in the American Colonies

-Mercantilism

-Slavery

-Cause and effect of the events that caused the American Revolution

-Declaration of Independence

-Articles of Confederation

-Constitution

-Early government and leadership

-Louisiana Purchase

-Texas Annexation

-Westward expansion and land acquisitions
 

-Causes of the Civil War

-North VS Southern states

(geography/perspectives)

-Reconstruction-governmental policy and social interaction